ALTERNATIVE FUELS

APPLICATIONS

CNG & LNG Production:

Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are both forms of natural gas that have been processed for storage and transport. However, there are some key differences between the two:

CNG is a gas, while LNG is a liquid: CNG is compressed to a pressure of 200 to 248 bars, making it a dense gas that is stored and transported in high-pressure containers. LNG, on the other hand, is produced by cooling natural gas to -162°C (-260°F) at atmospheric pressure, turning it into a liquid form that can be stored and transported in insulated tanks or cryogenic carriers.

CNG is typically used as a transportation fuel, while LNG is used for a variety of applications: CNG is often used as a fuel for buses, taxis, and delivery trucks, as well as for heating and cooking in homes and businesses. LNG, on the other hand, is used for a variety of applications, including as a transportation fuel for ships and heavy-duty vehicles, as well as for generating electricity and for use in the chemical and petrochemical industries.

CNG has a higher compression ratio than LNG: CNG is compressed to a pressure of 200 to 248 bars, which is much higher than the pressure of LNG. This means that CNG has a higher compression ratio than LNG, and it can be stored and transported in smaller containers.

CNG is typically less expensive than LNG: CNG is typically less expensive than LNG, due to the simpler production and transportation processes required. However, the cost of CNG and LNG can vary depending on a variety of factors, including the location and availability of natural gas sources, as well as transportation and infrastructure costs.

• LNG Production and Transportation
  • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced through a process called liquefaction, which involves cooling natural gas to -162°C (-260°F) at atmospheric pressure, causing it to turn into a liquid form. This process reduces the volume of the natural gas by a factor of more than 600, making it much easier to transport over long distances.
  • There are several steps involved in the production of LNG:
  • Natural gas is extracted from underground reservoirs, often through drilling.
  • The natural gas is treated to remove impurities such as water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
  • The treated natural gas is cooled to -162°C (-260°F) at atmospheric pressure, causing it to turn into a liquid form.
  • The LNG is stored in insulated tanks or cryogenic carriers for transport.
  • LNG can be transported by ship, using specially designed tanker vessels that are equipped with insulated tanks to keep the LNG at very low temperatures. These ships can transport LNG to ports around the world, where it can be unloaded and stored in terminals until it is needed. LNG can also be transported by truck or rail in special cryogenic tanks, although these modes of transport are less common.
• CNG Production and Transportation-
  • Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a form of natural gas that has been compressed to a pressure of 200 to 248 bars, so that it can be stored and transported in a container at a much smaller volume than normal, uncompressed natural gas. It is a clean-burning and environmentally friendly fuel that can be used in a variety of applications, including as a transportation fuel for buses, taxis, and delivery trucks, as well as for heating and cooking in homes and businesses. CNG is often used as an alternative to gasoline, diesel, and propane, and it is typically less expensive than these other fuels.
  • By truck: CNG can be transported by tanker trucks, which are equipped with high-pressure storage tanks that can hold large volumes of CNG. These trucks can deliver CNG to fuel stations, industrial customers, and other locations.
  • By pipeline: CNG can also be transported through pipelines, just like regular natural gas. However, the pressure of CNG is much higher than that of normal natural gas, so special high-pressure pipelines are required.
  • By ship: CNG can be shipped in special cryogenic tankers, which are equipped with insulation and refrigeration systems to keep the CNG at very low temperatures. This allows the CNG to be shipped over long distances without losing pressure.
  • By rail: CNG can be transported by rail in special containers that are designed to withstand high pressure. These containers can be shipped by train to various locations, where they can be unloaded and used to refuel vehicles or supply industrial customers.
• Hydrogen transportation and distribution include mobile high-pressure supply equipment, manifold systems for hydrogen fuel cell technology, and complete fueling stations.
  • There are several ways in which hydrogen can be transported and distributed:

• • By truck: Hydrogen can be transported by tanker trucks, which are equipped with high-pressure storage tanks that can hold large volumes of hydrogen gas. These trucks can deliver hydrogen to fuel stations, industrial customers, and other locations.

• • By pipeline: Hydrogen can also be transported through pipelines, similar to natural gas. However, hydrogen is a highly reactive gas, and it requires special piping materials and handling procedures to ensure the safety of the transport process.

• • By ship: Hydrogen can be shipped in special cryogenic tankers, which are equipped with insulation and refrigeration systems to keep the hydrogen at very low temperatures. This allows the hydrogen to be shipped over long distances without losing pressure.

• • By rail: Hydrogen can be transported by rail in special containers that are designed to withstand high pressure. These containers can be shipped by train to various locations, where they can be unloaded and used to refuel vehicles or supply industrial customers.

• • Once hydrogen is transported to its destination, it can be distributed and used in a variety of ways. It can be used as a fuel for transportation, such as in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), or it can be used in a variety of industrial applications, such as the production of chemicals, metals, and other materials.